Molecular Detection of Different Species of Cryptosporidium in Snakes from Surinam and Indonesia

TL;DR

This study found human and mammal-associated Cryptosporidium parasites in wild-caught snakes from Suriname and Indonesia, raising zoonotic and ecological concerns.

Contribution

First detection of C. hominis in captive snakes and identification of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in reptiles.

Findings

Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 6 out of 40 tested snake fecal samples.

Detected species included C. hominis, C. parvum, and C. tyzzeri, which are typically associated with humans and mammals.

C. hominis was detected in snakes for the first time in captivity.

Abstract

The global trade and husbandry of exotic reptiles have expanded significantly, raising concerns about associated health and ecological risks. This study examined the presence of Cryptosporidium spp., a microscopic parasite, in feces of wild-caught snakes from Suriname and Indonesia before their introduction into private collections. Fecal samples from 40 individuals were analyzed, revealing cryptosporidial oocysts in six cases. Notably, the detected species—C. hominis, C. parvum, and C. tyzzeri—are primarily associated with humans and mammals rather than reptiles, indicating potential zoonotic implications and a possible risk of transmission to people who handle these animals. This finding highlights the importance of regular health screening for exotic reptiles to prevent the spread of infections. Additionally, releasing or relocating infected animals could introduce these parasites into new environments, potentially affecting local wildlife and disrupting ecosystems. Ensuring proper veterinary monitoring and hygiene measures is essential to reduce these risks. This study emphasizes the need for responsible handling of wild-caught reptiles to protect both human and animal health while maintaining ecological balance.

In recent decades, the keeping of exotic animals has gained popularity among enthusiasts worldwide. However, alongside the development of exotic animal husbandry, issues related to health status and adequate veterinary care are coming to the forefront. The introduction of new snakes into a collection and shared enclosures should always be preceded by an assessment of their parasitic status. In our study, we present an overview of the screening for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in individuals captured in regions of Indonesia and Suriname, intended for further trade. Out of 40 tested fecal samples, the presence of cryptosporidial oocysts was confirmed in 6 samples. Detection was performed by molecular methods, namely Nested PCR targeting the GP60 gene region (60 kDa glycoprotein). By sequencing, we confirmed the presence of C. parvum in Oligodon octolineatus (n = 1) and Trimeresurus insularis (n = 1), C. tyzzeri in Corallus spp. (n = 2), and C. hominis in Boiga dendrophila spp. gemmicincta (n = 2), which is the very first time that this species has been detected in snakes in captivity. Although the presence of Cryptosporidium species, typical for snakes, was not detected, the identified species may pose a health risk to humans, especially workers who come into direct contact with animals.