Sustained capillary enlargement induced by angiogenic gene therapy does not support post-ischemic muscle recovery of hyperlipidemic mice

TL;DR

Angiogenic gene therapy in hyperlipidemic mice caused capillary enlargement but worsened muscle recovery due to tissue edema and delayed blood flow.

Contribution

Demonstrates that VEGF-induced capillary enlargement in hyperlipidemic mice leads to unintended side effects that hinder post-ischemic recovery.

Findings

AdVEGF gene therapy promoted capillary enlargement but caused tissue edema and delayed blood flow recovery.

Capillary enlargement in hyperlipidemic mice did not support intussusception or improve muscle regeneration.

Hyperlipidemia did not impair AdVEGF-induced capillary enlargement but amplified its negative side effects.

Abstract

Hyperlipidemia is known to impair endothelial function. We have recently shown that hyperlipidemia also blunts native post-ischemic capillary enlargement that is important for efficient skeletal muscle recovery from ischemia as it supports the recovery of arterial driving pressure and through intussusception increases capillary density. The correction of capillary reactivity under hyperlipidemia could, therefore, improve post-ischemic skeletal muscle recovery. This study tested the ability of adenoviral (Ad) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene therapy to rescue capillary enlargement and improve post-ischemic muscle repair in hyperlipidemic mice.

AdVEGF or AdLacZ-control vector were delivered into the calf muscles of aged, hyperlipidemic LDLR−/−ApoB100/100 mice (n = 58) after induction of acute ischemia. The effects of AdVEGF on capillary phenotype, tissue edema, restoration of blood flow parameters, microvascular hemoglobin oxygenation and tissue damage/regeneration were evaluated using immunohistological analyses, magnetic resonance imaging, contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging and histological analyses, respectively, up to 29 days after induced ischemia and gene transfer.

It was found that AdVEGF gene therapy was able to promote capillary enlargement (P < 0.05) that led to recovery of arterial driving pressure in ischemic LDLR−/−ApoB100/100 muscles. However, capillary enlargement induced by AdVEGF in the hyperlipidemic mice was delayed, had a long-lasting effect (P < 0.05) and did not promote intussusception. Instead, side-effects of VEGF-induced capillary enlargement, i.e., tissue edema (P < 0.01) and subsequently delayed blood flow recovery (P < 0.05), aggravated ischemic tissue damage (P < 0.01).

Hyperlipidemia or old age did not seem to impair AdVEGF-induced capillary enlargement. However, regarding the side-effects of capillary enlargement, therapies trying to promote post-ischemic skeletal muscle recovery through angiogenesis should consider not only capillary size or density but also timing and dynamics of the capillary changes.

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