# Longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and cell deformability: do glucocorticoids play a role?

## TL;DR

Depressive symptoms are linked to increased immune cell deformability over time, but not through long-term glucocorticoid levels.

## Contribution

This study is the first to longitudinally examine the relationship between depressive symptoms, glucocorticoids, and cell deformability.

## Key findings

- Depressive symptoms at T1 predicted higher cell deformability in monocytes and lymphocytes at T2.
- Accumulated hair cortisol and cortisone levels did not mediate the relationship between depressive symptoms and cell deformability.
- Long-term glucocorticoid levels were not associated with increased cell deformability.

## Abstract

Cell deformability of all major blood cell types is increased in depressive disorders (DD). Furthermore, impaired glucocorticoid secretion is associated with DD, as well as depressive symptoms in general and known to alter cell mechanical properties. Nevertheless, there are no longitudinal studies examining accumulated glucocorticoid output and depressive symptoms regarding cell deformability. The aim of the present study was to investigate, whether depressive symptoms predict cell deformability one year later and whether accumulated hair glucocorticoids mediate this relationship. In 136 individuals (nfemale = 100; Mage = 46.72, SD = 11.28; age range = 20–65), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) and hair glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) were measured at time point one (T1), while one year later (T2) both depressive symptoms and hair glucocorticoids were reassessed. Additionally, cell deformability of peripheral blood cells was assessed at T2. Depression severity at T1 predicted higher cell deformability in monocytes and lymphocytes at T2. Accumulated hair cortisol and cortisone concentrations from T1 and T2 were not associated with higher cell deformability and further did not mediate the relationship between depressive symptoms and cell deformability. Elevated depressive symptomatology in a population based sample is longitudinally associated with higher immune cell deformability, while long-term integrated glucocorticoid levels seem not to be implicated in the underlying mechanism.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00406-024-01902-z.