# Development and Concordance of Binding and Neutralizing Assays to Determine SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Activity in Human Milk

## TL;DR

This study developed reliable assays to measure SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk and found strong correlations between antibody levels and neutralizing activity.

## Contribution

The study introduces standardized assays for measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human milk and establishes positivity thresholds for IgG and IgA.

## Key findings

- Multiplex immunoassays reliably quantify SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA in human breast milk.
- Strong correlation exists between live virus and pseudovirus neutralization activity in breast milk.
- Spike IgA and neutralization titers in breast milk are highly correlated.

## Abstract

Maternal immunization provides vaccine-specific immunity to the infant via breast milk. Multiple studies have reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human breast milk (HBM) from infected and/or vaccinated women. However, there is limited information on the analytical performance, consistency, and quality of the methods used. Standardized and rigorous assays are needed to meet clinical study endpoints and for comparisons across studies.

We optimized high-throughput multiplex immunoassays for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA in HBM and determined antibody levels in HBM samples from 236 SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated (infected and non-infected) and 50 pre-pandemic (unexposed) lactating women. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity was examined in a subset of 75 SARS-CoV-2 HBM from vaccinated (infected and non-infected) women using live virus focus reduction neutralization and pseudovirus assays. Concordance between SARS-CoV-2 binding and live virus neutralization outcomes was examined.

The multiplex SARS-CoV-2 assays had adequate analytical sensitivity, repeatability, precision, and assay linearity and were reliable for quantification of IgG and IgA in HBM. Positivity thresholds for Spike- and Nucleocapsid-specific IgG and IgA were established; IgG discriminated positive/negative SARS-CoV-2-immune HBM with high sensitivity and specificity, while IgA reactivity overlapped. A strong correlation was observed between live SARS-CoV-2 and pseudovirus neutralization activity. HBM Spike IgA and neutralization titers were highly correlated.

SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibody activity in HBM was determined using standardized and rigorous assays. HBM positivity cutoff values for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection were established. The methods and approach described here could be applied to other pathogens and mucosal secretions.