# ARGContextProfiler: extracting and scoring the genomic contexts of antibiotic resistance genes using assembly graphs

## TL;DR

ARGContextProfiler is a new tool that accurately identifies the genomic context of antibiotic resistance genes in sequencing data, helping researchers understand how these genes spread.

## Contribution

ARGContextProfiler introduces a novel pipeline that improves accuracy in extracting genomic contexts of antibiotic resistance genes using assembly graphs and read mapping.

## Key findings

- ARGContextProfiler outperforms conventional methods in accuracy, precision, and sensitivity on real and synthetic data.
- The tool effectively minimizes chimeric errors in genomic context extraction from metagenomic sequencing data.
- ARGContextProfiler is validated using long-read sequencing data from environmental samples.

## Abstract

Antibiotic resistance (AR) presents a global health challenge, necessitating an improved understanding of the ecology, evolution, and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Several tools, databases, and algorithms are now available to facilitate the identification of ARGs in metagenomic sequencing data; however, direct annotation of short-read data provides limited contextual information. Knowledge of whether an ARG is carried in the chromosome or on a specific mobile genetic element (MGE) is critical to understanding mobility, persistence, and potential for co-selection. Here we developed ARGContextProfiler, a pipeline designed to extract and visualize ARG genomic contexts. By leveraging the assembly graph for genomic neighborhood extraction and validating contexts through read mapping, ARGContextProfiler minimizes chimeric errors that are a common artifact of assembly outputs. Testing on real, synthetic, and semi-synthetic data, including long-read sequencing data from environmental samples, demonstrated that ARGContextProfiler offers superior accuracy, precision, and sensitivity compared to conventional assembly-based methods. ARGContextProfiler thus provides a powerful tool for uncovering the genomic context of ARGs in metagenomic sequencing data, which can be of value to both fundamental and applied research aimed at understanding and stemming the spread of AR. The source code of ARGContextProfiler is publicly available at GitHub.