# Identification and validation of T cell senescence-related prognostic genes in gastric carcinoma and investigation of their potential regulatory mechanisms

## TL;DR

This study identifies six genes linked to T cell aging in gastric cancer, which could help predict patient outcomes and guide treatment strategies.

## Contribution

The study introduces six novel prognostic genes related to T cell senescence in gastric carcinoma.

## Key findings

- AXL, PIM1, STK40, CXCL1, IFNG, and SERPINE1 were identified as T cell senescence-related prognostic genes in gastric cancer.
- A risk model and nomogram based on these genes showed strong predictive power for patient survival.
- High-risk patients had higher infiltration of 17 immune cell types and lower TMB and MSI, suggesting reduced treatment benefit.

## Abstract

This study aimed to identify prognostic genes associated with immunosenescence in gastric carcinoma (GC) and to elucidate their mechanisms to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of GC.

According to single cell data, clustering and annotation were conducted to acquire key cells. Then, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in key cells (KC-DEGs) and TCGA-GC (GC-DEGs) were obtained, and took their intersection with CS-RGs to obtain candidate genes. Afterwards, prognostic genes were identified by regression analyses. Following this, the risk model was constructed, and the high-risk and low-risk groups were obtained. Next, a nomogram based on independent prognostic factors was constructed for predicting survival in GC. Finally, to further explore the mechanisms associated with the risk groups, immune microenvironment analysis was performed.

T cells were used as key cells. Subsequently, AXL, PIM1, STK40, CXCL1, IFNG and SERPINE1 were identified as prognostic genes. The risk model and nomogram had favourable predictive capability in survival of GC patients. Surprisingly, 17 differential immune cells had higher levels of infiltration in the high-risk group, a result that was further confirmed in tumor purity. Notably, there was mostly a positive correlation between them and prognostic genes. Then, both tumor mutation burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI) were lower in the high-risk group, suggested the high-risk group might be associated with lower treatment benefit.

6 prognostic genes were identified, providing novel concepts in prognosis and therapy for GC.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12672-025-02477-4.