# What are the characteristics and where is the highest risk of snakebite accidents in the state of São Paulo?

**Authors:** Gisele Dias de Freitas, Alec Brian Lacerda, Thiago Salomão de Azevedo, Anderson de Oliveira, Roberta Maria Fernandes Spinola, Flávio Santos Dourado, Fan Hui Wen, Francisco Chiaravalloti-Neto, Gisele Dias de Freitas, Alec Brian Lacerda, Thiago Salomão de Azevedo, Anderson de Oliveira, Roberta Maria Fernandes Spinola, Flávio Santos Dourado, Fan Hui Wen, Francisco Chiaravalloti-Neto

PMC · DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720250026 · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia (Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology) · 2025-06-02

## TL;DR

This study analyzes snakebite patterns in São Paulo, identifying risk factors and high-risk areas to improve prevention and treatment strategies.

## Contribution

The paper provides a detailed spatial and demographic analysis of snakebite accidents in São Paulo using a 12-year dataset and spatial clustering techniques.

## Key findings

- Bothropic snakebites were most common, affecting men, whites, and adults aged 20-59 with low education.
- Urban areas had more accidents, while rural areas had higher death rates with longer treatment delays.
- Vegetation type influenced snakebite patterns, with Bothrops in humid areas and Crotalus in dry regions.

## Abstract

To understand the pattern of snakebite envenomation, the objective was to describe accidents and deaths by snake genus, age group, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, place of residence and occurrence, seasonality, vegetation cover, and to identify spatial clusters with a higher risk of accidents in the state of São Paulo.

A descriptive study using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) on snakebite accidents between 2010 and 2022. The Getis-Ord Gi* index was applied to identify high- and low-risk clusters.

Bothropic accidents predominated (61.5%), affecting men (78.7%), whites (64.7%), adults aged 20-59 years (67.1%), and individuals with low education levels (63.4%). Most accidents occurred in urban areas (55.7%), while deaths were more frequent in rural areas (68.1%), with longer treatment delays. Incidence remained stable, increasing during hot and rainy periods. Many cases were not autochthonous, and vegetation type influenced accident patterns: Bothrops in dense and humid areas, Crotalus in dry and open regions, and Micrurus in both. Spatial analysis highlighted areas of higher and lower risk, varying by accident type.

Identifying the most affected population, seasonality, and high-risk areas provides essential support for preventive actions and effective management. The findings can guide efforts towards vulnerable populations, anticipate preventive strategies during high-incidence periods, and optimize resources, such as professional training and antivenom serum distribution in high-risk regions.

Para compreender o padrão do ofidismo, o objetivo foi descrever os acidentes e óbitos por gênero de serpente, faixa etária, sexo, raça/cor, escolaridade, local de residência e ocorrência, sazonalidade e cobertura vegetal e identificar aglomerados espaciais com maior risco para acidentes no estado de São Paulo.

Estudo descritivo com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), sobre acidentes ofídicos entre 2010 e 2022. Índice de Getis e Ord (Gi*) utilizados para a identificação de aglomerados de alto e baixo risco.

Acidentes botrópicos predominaram (61,5%), afetando homens (78,7%), brancos (64,7%), adultos entre 20 e 59 anos (67,1%) e pessoas com baixa escolaridade (63,4%). A maioria dos acidentes ocorreu em zonas urbanas (55,7%), enquanto óbitos foram mais frequentes em áreas rurais (68,1%), com maior atraso no atendimento. A incidência permaneceu estável, aumentando em períodos quentes e chuvosos. Muitos casos não foram autóctones, e o tipo de vegetação influenciou o padrão de acidentes: Bothrops em áreas densas e úmidas, Crotalus em regiões secas e abertas e Micrurus em ambas. A análise espacial destacou áreas de maior e menor risco, variando conforme o tipo de acidente.

A identificação da população mais afetada, da sazonalidade e das áreas de maior risco fornece subsídios essenciais para ações preventivas e de manejo eficaz. Os achados podem orientar esforços para populações vulneráveis, antecipar estratégias preventivas em períodos de maior incidência e otimizar recursos, como a capacitação de profissionais e a distribuição de soros antiveneno nas regiões de maior risco.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** snakebite envenomation (MONDO:0018669)
- **Species:** Crotalus (taxon 8728), Micrurus (taxon 8634)

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** accidents (MESH:D000081084), deaths (MESH:D003643), snakebite accidents (MESH:D012909)
- **Species:** Micrurus (coral snakes, genus) [taxon 8634], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Crotalus (genus) [taxon 8728]

## Full text

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## Figures

4 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12129242/full.md

## References

36 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12129242/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12129242