# Association between weekend catch-up sleep and gallstone disease in US adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2017–2020

## TL;DR

This study found that weekend catch-up sleep may lower gallstone risk in certain groups, while poor sleep habits increase it.

## Contribution

The study reveals a novel protective effect of weekend catch-up sleep on gallstone disease in specific subgroups.

## Key findings

- Weekend catch-up sleep > 2 hours is linked to lower gallstone risk in non-smokers and males.
- Trouble sleeping and late sleep are risk factors for gallstone disease.
- WCS < 0 hours protects against gallstones in smokers.

## Abstract

Gallstones are the most prevalent cause of hospitalization among digestive disorders. For humans, sleep is an essential physiological function. The relationship between gallstones and sleep is well established, but the consequences of weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) on gallstones remain unclear. This research examined the connection between gallstone disease and WCS.

We included 6,957 participants from the 2017–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) who met the eligibility criteria and had complete data. Logistic regression, restricted cubic spline, and subgroup analyses were employed to assess the relationship between the presence of gallstones and WCS.

Our study indicated that trouble sleeping and late sleep were risk factors for gallstones in a model adjusted for all covariates. The restricted cubic spline results revealed that WCS was negatively correlated linearly with gallstone disease. Additionally, subgroup analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between WCS > 2 hours and a lower risk of gallstones, particularly among non-smokers and males.

Our study results demonstrate that trouble sleeping and late sleep increase the incidence of gallstones. In addition, the protective effect of WCS > 2 hours on reducing the incidence of gallstones is particularly significant in individuals who are non-smokers and males, whereas in the smoking population, WCS < 0 hours serves as a protective factor against gallstones.