# Impact of COVID‐19 and factors associated with long COVID and COVID‐19 vaccine uptake in people with HIV in the United Kingdom: Results from Positive Voices 2022

## TL;DR

This study examines how the pandemic affected people with HIV in the UK, including long-term symptoms and vaccine uptake patterns.

## Contribution

The study identifies demographic and socio-economic factors linked to long COVID and incomplete vaccine uptake among people with HIV.

## Key findings

- About half of participants had a history of COVID-19, with 11% experiencing long COVID.
- Incomplete vaccine uptake was observed in 16% of participants, more common among women, younger people, and socio-economically disadvantaged groups.

## Abstract

We assessed the impact of COVID‐19, and the prevalence and factors associated with a history of COVID‐19 infection, long COVID and incomplete COVID‐19 vaccine uptake among people with HIV.

Positive Voices 2022 is a questionnaire study of people accessing HIV care in the United Kingdom (March 2022–April 2023). Logistic regression assessed factors associated with a history of COVID‐19 (previous positive test), long COVID among those with a history of COVID‐19 (ongoing symptoms, with COVID‐19 onset >3 months previously) and incomplete COVID‐19 vaccine uptake (less than three doses of vaccine), adjusted for: age; gender; ethnicity; and year of HIV diagnosis.

In all, 4188 participants were included. Commonly reported negative impacts of the pandemic were on social contact (44% of participants), mental health (30%), healthcare access (26%) and financial security (25%). Overall, 2068 of 4188 (49.4%) participants had a history of COVID‐19. Of these, 10.8% met criteria for long COVID, associated with female gender, unemployment, financial hardship, earlier HIV diagnosis date, diabetes diagnosis, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis, obesity and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Overall, 95.8% reported having at least one vaccine dose, but 649 (15.7%) participants had incomplete vaccine uptake, associated with younger age, female gender, Black African ethnicity, lower education, financial hardship, unemployment, multioccupancy household, more recent HIV diagnosis, detectable HIV viral load and symptoms of depression and anxiety.

About half of participants had a history of COVID‐19, of whom 11% had persistent symptoms (long COVID). COVID‐19 vaccine uptake was high, but incomplete uptake was apparent for 16% of participants and was more common among women, younger people, Black African individuals and those with socio‐economic disadvantage.