# Study of the effectiveness of a supported intervention package in reducing the risk of avian influenza human exposure through the reduction of infections in poultry: Egypt, 2006–2021

## TL;DR

This study shows that a supported intervention package in Egypt significantly reduced avian influenza infections in both poultry and humans from 2015 to 2021.

## Contribution

The study evaluates the effectiveness of a multi-component intervention package in reducing avian influenza transmission in Egypt.

## Key findings

- The number of human avian influenza cases dropped significantly after the intervention package was implemented in 2015.
- Positivity rates for both human and poultry cases decreased significantly following the intervention.
- Community awareness and surveillance improvements were linked to reduced infections among high-risk groups like housewives.

## Abstract

For a decade, avian influenza (AI) viruses were major concern for Egypt since they are endemic in poultry and have caused 359 human infections, accounting for 40% of cases globally. Interventions implemented before 2015 proved to have minor impact on the spread of infection. Since 2015, a Supported Intervention Package (SIP) was implemented to reduce the risk of human exposure by reducing infections in poultry. The intervention package included enhanced surveillance and laboratory capacity, early outbreak detection, and raised community awareness. This study aims to evaluate SIP’s effectiveness by comparing number and rates of AI in humans and poultry before and after intervention package implementation.

AI surveillance data for poultry and humans from 2006 to 2021 was obtained and linked. Human AI data include patients’ demographics, clinical picture, risk factors, lab results and outcome, while poultry data include number prevent of positive specimens for AI by time and place. Confirmation performed by testing oropharyngeal swabs collected from suspected patients and poultry using RT-PCR in the affiliated laboratory. Positive rates were calculated, descriptive data analysis was performed and rate of infection was plotted against demographics and risk factors. Results compared before and after implementation of using Chi2 and t-test with p < 0.05 significance.

Among all confirmed cases, 346(96.4%) reported before and 13(3.6%) after SIP implementation with no cases reported after 2017. A significant reduction in positivity rate of both human and poultry cases (2.0 vs. 0.2% and 2.4 vs. 1.2%, p < 0.001) found after 2015. Percent of housewives decreased from 30.9 to 7.7%, p < 0.05 and positive specimens’ rates from backyards decreased from 61.1 to 47.9%, p < 0.001. Median days to laboratory confirmation reduced from 3.6 to 2.8 days. The genetic analysis indicated a major genetic drift occurred before 2015, possibly due to inadequate control measures.

The Study indicated reduced infections in humans and poultry suggesting effectiveness of SIP, which also raised community awareness as shown by reducing infections among housewives and enhancing surveillance as shown by case earlier detection. Continued coordinated efforts between human and poultry sectors are needed to contribute to the elimination of the disease in Egypt.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-025-02810-x.