# Inoculation of apple plantlets with Rhodococcus pseudokoreensis R79T enhances diversity and modulates the structure of bacterial rhizosphere communities in soil affected by apple replant disease

## TL;DR

Inoculating apple plants with Rhodococcus pseudokoreensis R79T increases rhizosphere bacterial diversity and alters community structure in soil affected by apple replant disease.

## Contribution

Demonstrates that R79T inoculation modulates rhizosphere microbiome structure and diversity in ARD-affected soil.

## Key findings

- R79T inoculation increased bacterial diversity and bphd gene abundance in the rhizosphere.
- Higher inoculation levels led to greater persistence of R79T in the rhizosphere.
- Inoculation promoted positive microbial interactions and altered community composition.

## Abstract

Apple replant disease (ARD) represents a dysbiotic rhizosphere condition potentially driven by root exudates including phytoalexins at the root–soil interface. A promising mitigation strategy could be the application of bioinoculants that reduce these compounds and foster a diverse microbiome. This study investigated the effects of Rhodococcus pseudokoreensis R79T, a strain with benzoate-degrading capabilities and genetic potential to degrade biphenyls, on the rhizosphere microbiome of apple plantlets grown in ARD-affected soil in a greenhouse experiment.

We applied R79T at 10⁶ to 10⁹ CFU/ml, assessing its impact on bacterial 16S rRNA diversity and abundance, as well as the abundance of biphenyl dioxygenase (bphd) genes. Eight weeks post-inoculation reads of strain R79T persisted in the rhizosphere, particularly at higher inoculation levels. Inoculation enhanced bacterial diversity and bphd gene abundance, with significant shifts in community composition. Key responders included members of Gaiellales, which increased, and Streptomyces, which decreased. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that inoculation promoted positive interactions, more homogeneous connectivity, and a higher degree of connections. Effects on bacterial community structure varied significantly with inoculation concentration.

The fact that R79T enhanced rhizosphere bacterial diversity and modulated community composition in ARD-affected soil highlights the potential of R79T to reshape microbial interactions. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects, including studies on in situ degradation of phytoalexins and inoculation of R79T alongside bacteria for plant growth promotion (PGP) in synthetic communities for elevated efficiency against ARD.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-025-06747-9.