# Exploring disparities in self-reported knowledge about neurotechnology

## TL;DR

This study explores how much the public knows about neurotechnology and finds that knowledge varies by factors like profession, age, and gender.

## Contribution

The study reveals disparities in self-reported knowledge of neurotechnologies using a large sample and identifies key predictors of knowledge.

## Key findings

- Most people reported some knowledge of EEG and ultrasound but limited knowledge of brain-computer interfaces.
- Healthcare professionals and those with higher health literacy were more likely to report knowledge of neurotechnologies.
- Gender and age differences were observed in self-reported knowledge levels.

## Abstract

With advances in neurotechnology and its use for medical treatment and beyond, it is important to understand the public’s awareness of such technologies and potential disparities in self-reported knowledge, because knowledge is known to influence the acceptance and use of new technologies. This study utilizes a large sample (N = 10,339) to depict the existence and extent of self-reported knowledge of these neurotechnologies and to examine knowledge disparities between respondents. Results show that most respondents self-reported at least some knowledge of ultrasound and electroencephalography (EEG), but limited knowledge of BCIs. Prior use, being a healthcare professional, and health literacy increased the odds of self-reporting some knowledge. Also gender and age disparities exist. These findings may help identify uninformed groups in society and enhance information campaigns.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-00460-1.