# On the Effect of Layering Velostat on Force Sensing for Hands

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how stacking multiple layers of Velostat improves the accuracy of hand force sensors, outperforming single-layer designs and commercial alternatives.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates that layering Velostat significantly enhances force sensing accuracy without complex fabrication.

## Key findings

- Layered Velostat sensors reduced measurement errors by up to 60% compared to single-layer designs.
- Layered sensors outperformed the commercial FSR 402 sensor in static, cyclic, and finger base evaluations.
- The best performance was observed with 10-30 layers of Velostat.

## Abstract

Force sensing on hands can provide an understanding of interaction forces during manipulation, with applications in different fields, including robotics and medicine. While several approaches to accomplish this have been proposed, they often require relatively complex and/or expensive fabrication techniques and materials. On the other hand, less complex and expensive approaches often suffer from poor accuracy of measurements. An example of this is provided by sensors built with Velostat, a polyethylene–carbon composite material that exhibits resistance changes when force is applied. This material is both cheap and easy to work with, but sensors made from Velostat have been shown to suffer from low accuracy, limiting its usefulness. This work explores the effect of stacking multiple layers of 0.1 mm Velostat sheets on accuracy, using no additional fabrication techniques or other material aside from electrode connections, with the rationale that this is both economical and can be accomplished easily. We evaluate measurement error for designs with different numbers of layers (1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, and 30) against a load cell, and also compare this with the error for a USD 10 commercial force sensing resistor designed for measurement of hand forces (FSR 402) in three evaluations (static, cyclic, and finger base interactions). Our results show that layered sensors outperform both the one-layer design and the commercial FSR sensor consistently under all conditions considered, with the best performing sensors reducing measurement errors by at least 27% and as much as 60% when compared against the one-layer design.