# Gastric Infusion of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Improves Health via Enhance Liver and Intestinal Immune Response and Antioxidant Capacity in Goats

## TL;DR

Gastric infusion of short-chain fatty acids in goats improves intestinal health by boosting antioxidant activity, immune response, and intestinal barrier function.

## Contribution

This study demonstrates that specific short-chain fatty acids enhance antioxidant enzymes, cytokine balance, and intestinal tight-junction proteins in goats.

## Key findings

- Infusion of short-chain fatty acids increased antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver and intestine of goats.
- Short-chain fatty acids modulated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the intestinal tract.
- Tight-junction proteins in the intestine were upregulated following short-chain fatty acid infusion.

## Abstract

The gastrointestinal tract digests, absorbs, and metabolizes dietary nutrients and is considered a major immune organ in the body, with more than 70% of its immune cells. Short-chain fatty acids, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, account for more than 70% of 75% of energy sources and can increase feed intake and body weight of ruminants as well as have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. In this study, gastric infusion of short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) in goats increased antioxidant enzyme activity, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and intestinal tight-junction protein expression. These results may contribute to improving goat intestinal health and productivity by boosting antioxidant capacity and modulating cytokines, and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

In the present study, we comprehensively investigated the impacts of the infusion of three short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), sodium acetate (SA), propionate (SP), and butyrate (SB), to examine their respective roles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health and innate immunity of twenty adult Guanzhong milk goats of 1.5 years of age. Infusion of SCFAs resulted in upregulating the activity of certain antioxidant enzymes in comparison with the control group. The SA group significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of the catalase (CAT) in the liver, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the colon, and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) in the jejunum. SP significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated the activity of the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the ileum, CAT and MDA in the jejunum, CAT in the colon, and SOD in the liver. SB was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated the activity of the T-AOC in the ileum, CAT in the jejunum, and T-AOC, CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px in the colon. Infusion of SCFAs resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increases in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the intestine compared to the control group. We found that the SA group significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated the level of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the ileum and jejunum, as well as the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the colon, while the SP group significantly (p < 0.05) increased the level of IL-1β in the jejunum and the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the colon. Furthermore, the SB group significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated levels of IL-1β in the jejunum, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the colon, and IL-10 in the cecum. Furthermore, some intestinal tight-junction proteins were significantly increased by SCFA infusion. SA significantly (p < 0.05) increased the claudin level in the ileum and occludin in the colon, while the SP group significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated the level of occludin in the jejunum and the claudin level in the ileum. Moreover, SB significantly (p < 0.05) increased the occludin level in the jejunum, claudin level in the ileum, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) level in the colon and cecum. There are many positive associations among antioxidant, inflammatory cytokine, and tight-junction protein indexes in the liver and intestine. In conclusion, our results suggest that the gastric infusion of SA, SP, and SB might improve goat intestinal health through the positive influence on the antioxidant capacity, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and tight-junction proteins.