# Single-Crystal Inspection Using an Adapted Total Focusing Method

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a method to improve defect detection in single-crystal superalloys by adapting the Total Focusing Method using crystal orientation data.

## Contribution

The novelty lies in adapting TFM with refracted beam directivity and velocity variations for improved inspection of single crystals.

## Key findings

- The methodology improved defect positioning by up to 61%.
- Signal-to-noise ratio increased by up to 5 dB.
- Crystal orientation was successfully determined through simulations and post-processing.

## Abstract

Single-crystal superalloys have attracted considerable interest in aero engine blade manufacture due to their superior mechanical properties, which maintain structural integrity at high temperatures. However, their anisotropic microstructure results in direction-dependent properties that pose a challenge for defect detection. This study proposes a methodology to determine the crystal orientation, which is subsequently used to improve the Total Focusing Method (TFM) by incorporating the refracted beam directivity. Firstly, simulations were performed using semi-analytical models (CIVA software 2023 SP4.1) to reproduce different grain orientations. The results were then post-processed to determine the grain orientation. Finally, the TFM was adapted to take into account not only the velocity variations due to orientation but also the directivity of the ultrasonic beam based only on slowness curves. The implementation of this methodology has improved the defect detection capability, optimizing the defect positioning by up to 61% and increasing the signal-to-noise ratio by up to 5 dB. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of an adapted inspection procedure for single crystals.