# Home and Wild Food Procurement Were Associated with Greater Intake of Fruits and Vegetables During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern New England in a Cross-Sectional Study

## TL;DR

During the pandemic, people who engaged in home and wild food activities ate more fruits and vegetables, especially if they were food insecure.

## Contribution

This study is the first to show that home and wild food activities are linked to increased fruit and vegetable intake, particularly among food-insecure households.

## Key findings

- Sixty-one percent of respondents engaged in home and wild food procurement, primarily gardening.
- Gardening was associated with an additional one cup-equivalent of fruits and vegetables consumed per week.
- Food-insecure households showed a stronger positive association between home food activities and fruit and vegetable intake.

## Abstract

Background: Participation in home and wild food procurement (HWFP) activities (i.e., gardening, hunting, fishing, foraging, preserving food, raising livestock, and raising poultry for eggs) skyrocketed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Procuring food through HWFP activities may have important food security and nutrition benefits, while also enhancing food sovereignty and food system resilience. This cross-sectional study examined the effect of HWFP activities on food security status, fruit and vegetable intake, and meat consumption. Methods: We used data collected in 2021 and 2022 from adults (n = 2001) through two statewide representative surveys in Maine and Vermont, United States. Dietary intake was assessed using the Dietary Screener Questionnaire. Food security status was assessed using the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 6-item short-form food security module. We analyzed the data using linear regression, logistic regression, and ordinal logistic regression models. Results: Sixty-one percent of respondents engaged in HWFP activities; the majority of those gardened. Households engaging in most individual HWFP activities had greater odds of being food insecure. HWFP engagement was positively associated with fruit and vegetable consumption. Specifically, gardening was associated with an additional one cup-equivalent in fruit and vegetable consumption per week compared to respondents that did not garden. Furthermore, when exploring these relationships disaggregated by food security status, we find that this effect is stronger for food insecure households than food secure households. Respondents from households that hunted were more likely to eat wild game meat and also consumed red and white meat more frequently compared to households that did not hunt. Conclusions: Overall, our results indicate potential nutrition and food security benefits from engaging in HWFP activities. Future research should continue to examine a full suite of HWFP activities and their relationship to diet, health, food security, and food sovereignty.