# Therapeutic Advantages of Isoflavone Glycoside and Aglycone Forms of Sophoricoside in the Amelioration of Postmenopausal Symptoms: Bone Health, Metabolic Regulation, and Systemic Inflammation

## TL;DR

This study shows that sophoricoside and genistein from S. japonicum fruit can help manage postmenopausal symptoms like bone loss and inflammation, offering a safer alternative to hormone therapy.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates the therapeutic benefits of sophoricoside and its aglycone form in managing postmenopausal symptoms with a favorable safety profile.

## Key findings

- Both sophoricoside and genistein reduced weight gain and vaginal dryness in ovariectomized rats.
- The treatments preserved bone integrity by modulating RANKL and TGF-β and suppressed inflammation in adipose tissue.
- They regulated adipogenesis markers more effectively than 17β-estradiol and showed no adverse effects on organ weight.

## Abstract

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of sophoricoside and its aglycone metabolite, genistein, derived from Styphnolobium japonicum L. fruit, as natural alternatives to hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal symptom management. Using Lactobacillus plantarum to model intestinal biotransformation, we compared glycoside-rich (Rex) and aglycone-rich (Rex-AG) extracts in ovariectomized rats. Both treatments significantly reduced weight gain and alleviated vaginal dryness, with Rex demonstrating superior thermoregulatory stabilization. Histological and molecular analyses revealed preserved trabecular bone integrity through the downregulation of RANKL and upregulation of TGF-β. Both extracts exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects in adipose tissue, suppressing IL-6 and TNF-α, while regulating adipogenesis markers (FABP4, KLF, leptin, PPARγ) more effectively than 17β-estradiol. Serum genistein concentrations confirmed its efficient biotransformation and systemic bioavailability. Importantly, the treatments showed favorable safety profiles with no adverse effects on organ weight. These findings establish S. japonicum L. fruit-derived phytoestrogens as promising candidates for the comprehensive management of postmenopausal symptoms, offering an efficacious and safer alternative to conventional hormone therapy.