# A new dataset for measuring the performance of blood vessel segmentation methods under distribution shifts

## TL;DR

The paper introduces VessMAP, a diverse dataset for blood vessel segmentation that helps evaluate how well models perform under varying imaging conditions.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is the creation of a highly heterogeneous dataset for blood vessel segmentation with metadata to study distribution shifts and model robustness.

## Key findings

- Traditional datasets for blood vessel segmentation have low heterogeneity, allowing models to generalize well with few samples.
- VessMAP shows that training on carefully selected samples can significantly improve Dice scores from 0.59 to 0.85.
- The dataset supports the development of active learning methods and robustness analysis of segmentation models.

## Abstract

Creating a dataset for training supervised machine learning algorithms can be a demanding task. This is especially true for blood vessel segmentation since one or more specialists are usually required for image annotation, and creating ground truth labels for just a single image can take up to several hours. In addition, it is paramount that the annotated samples represent well the different conditions that might affect the imaged tissues as well as possible changes in the image acquisition process. This can only be achieved by considering samples that are typical in the dataset as well as atypical, or even outlier, samples. We introduce VessMAP, an annotated and highly heterogeneous blood vessel segmentation dataset acquired by carefully sampling relevant images from a large non-annotated dataset containing fluorescence microscopy images. Each image of the dataset contains metadata information regarding the contrast, amount of noise, density, and intensity variability of the vessels. Prototypical and atypical samples were carefully selected from the base dataset using the available metadata information, thus defining an assorted set of images that can be used for measuring the performance of segmentation algorithms on samples that are highly distinct from each other. We show that datasets traditionally used for developing new blood vessel segmentation algorithms tend to have low heterogeneity. Thus, neural networks trained on as few as four samples can generalize well to all other samples. In contrast, the training samples used for the VessMAP dataset can be critical to the generalization capability of a neural network. For instance, training on samples with good contrast leads to models with poor inference quality. Interestingly, while some training sets lead to Dice scores as low as 0.59, a careful selection of the training samples results in a Dice score of 0.85. Thus, the VessMAP dataset can be used for the development of new active learning methods for selecting relevant samples for manual annotation as well as for analyzing the robustness of segmentation models to distribution shifts of the data.