# Allelic Variations in Phenology Genes in Club Wheat (Triticum compactum) and Their Association with Heading Date

## TL;DR

This study explores genetic variations in wheat genes that control growth timing and how they affect when the plant starts to head, which is important for breeding.

## Contribution

The study identifies 10 unique gene profiles in Triticum compactum and links them to heading date differences under various conditions.

## Key findings

- 58.4% of Triticum compactum accessions had a spring growth habit with dominant VRN1 alleles.
- The Ppd-D1b allele was found in 95.5% of accessions, indicating photoperiod sensitivity.
- 21 SSR markers revealed high genetic diversity with an average of 3.2 alleles per locus.

## Abstract

The allelic diversity within genes controlling the vernalization requirement (VRN1) and photoperiod response (PPD1) determines the ability of wheat to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions and influences grain yield. In this study, allelic variations at the VRN-A1, VRN-B1, VRN-D1 and PPD-D1 genes were studied for 89 accessions of Triticum compactum from different eco-geographical regions of the world. The collection was evaluated for heading date in both field and greenhouse experiments under a long photoperiod and without vernalization. Based on heading date characteristics, 52 (58.4%) of the genotypes had a spring growth habit, and all of them carried at least one dominant VRN1 allele, while 37 (41.6%) accessions had a winter growth habit and carried the triple recessive allele combination. The photoperiod-sensitive Ppd-D1b allele was detected in 85 (95.5%) accessions and the insensitive Ppd-D1a allele in four (4.5%) accessions. A total of 10 phenology gene profiles (haplotypes) were observed at four major genes in the T. compactum germplasm collection. The LSD test revealed significant differences in the mean heading date among the different spring phenology gene profiles, both in greenhouse and field conditions. In addition, 21 microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, SSRs) were used to assess the genetic diversity in the collection. The 21 SSR markers amplified a total of 183 alleles across all the genotypes, with a mean of 3.2 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.49 to 0.94, with a mean of 0.84. The results of this study may be useful for both T. compactum and common wheat breeding programs as a source of agronomic traits.