# Evaluation of Etiologies in Evisceration as Rare Cases: A 10-Year Single-Center Experience in the East Mediterranean Region of Türkiye

## TL;DR

This study examines the causes and patient characteristics of evisceration surgeries over 10 years in Türkiye, revealing trauma and endophthalmitis as the main reasons.

## Contribution

The study provides a detailed analysis of evisceration etiologies and demographics in a single center in the East Mediterranean region of Türkiye.

## Key findings

- Trauma and endophthalmitis were the leading causes of evisceration surgeries.
- Endophthalmitis cases were more common in older females, while trauma cases were in younger males.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other microorganisms were frequently isolated in culture-positive cases.

## Abstract

Objectives: Evisceration is a rarely performed surgical procedure, and literature information regarding the characteristics of patients undergoing this surgery is limited. This study aims to evaluate the demographic features and etiological factors of patients who underwent evisceration surgery in a tertiary clinic over 10 years. Methods: This descriptive study comprised the data of 134 patients who underwent evisceration surgery at the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye, between 2011 and 2022. Demographic data of all patients, including age, sex, surgical indication, etiology, primary disease location, pathology results, and follow-up periods, were recorded and analyzed. Results: The mean age of the 134 patients included in the study was 56.18 ± 22.71 (min: 8–max: 91), with a male-to-female ratio of 65.2% to 34.8%. Evisceration etiologies included trauma (37%), endophthalmitis (37%), absolute blind eye (12.6%), and spontaneous perforation (11.9%). Endophthalmitis cases were more common in older ages and females, trauma patients in younger ages and males, and spontaneous perforation in older ages and males. Progression to panophthalmitis was observed in 6.6% of all cases, and all were found to originate from endophthalmitis. Culture growth was positive in 18.5% of the cases, with the most commonly grown microorganisms in culture being Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Aspergillus fumigatus. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis rates were significantly higher in cases progressing to panophthalmia. Acute inflammation was more prevalent in cases of endophthalmitis and spontaneous perforation, while chronic inflammation was in cases of trauma and absolute blind eyes. Conclusions: Trauma was the main etiology of evisceration in young males and endophthalmitis in older females. Considering trauma prevention measures is important for public health in terms of eyeball saving.