# Patterns of ICT Use and Technological Dependence in University Students from Spain and Japan: A Cross-Cultural Analysis

## TL;DR

This study compares internet and mobile phone use among university students in Spain and Japan, finding cultural and gender differences in problematic ICT use.

## Contribution

The study provides cross-cultural insights into ICT use and its impact on academic performance post-pandemic.

## Key findings

- 29.6% of participants showed excessive internet use, and 25.2% had pathological mobile phone use.
- Japanese and female students exhibited higher problematic ICT use compared to others.
- A strong association was found between high internet and mobile phone usage.

## Abstract

Background: After the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, abusive use of the internet and new information and communication technologies (ICT) among university students was detected. Our research questions were as follows: what has been the impact on the academic performance of university students, and how did the pandemic affect students’ relationship with ICTs? The aim of this research was to explore the use of cell phones and the internet in students from different cultures (Spanish and Japanese) after the pandemic. Methods: This descriptive and exploratory study analysed 206 university students from Spanish and Japanese cultures to understand their perceptions of academic performance after the pandemic, their general use of ICT, and their abusive use of the internet and mobile phones. Instruments included the Internet Overuse Scale (IOS) and the Cell-Phone Overuse Scale (COS), adapted for both Spanish and Japanese populations. Differences between quantitative variables were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test for independent samples (Spanish and Japanese students or by sex). Contingency tables were created to record and analyse relationships between qualitative variables using the chi-squared test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Approximately 29.6% of participants displayed excessive internet use, while 25.2% showed pathological mobile phone use. A strong association was found between high internet and mobile phone usage. Significant cultural and gender differences were observed, with higher problematic use among Japanese students and female participants. Conclusions: Excessive ICT use remains a concern in university settings, with gender and cultural factors playing key roles. These findings highlight the need for targeted digital well-being interventions.