# Genome-Wide Identification and Phylogenetic Characterization of the FTIP Gene Family in Maize (Zea mays)

## TL;DR

This study identifies and analyzes the FTIP gene family in maize, revealing their roles in stress responses and evolution.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive phylogenetic and functional characterization of the ZmFTIP gene family in maize.

## Key findings

- 27 ZmFTIP genes were identified and grouped into five evolutionary clades.
- ZmFTIP18 and ZmFTIP25 are upregulated under cadmium stress, while ZmFTIP13 is downregulated.
- Promoter analysis revealed hormone and stress-related regulatory motifs in ZmFTIP genes.

## Abstract

The maize FT-interacting protein (FTIP) gene family represents a group of multiple C2 domain and transmembrane proteins (MCTPs), characterized by their unique structural motifs and membrane-spanning regions., plays crucial roles in intercellular communication and stress responses. Here, we systematically characterized 27 ZmFTIP genes unevenly distributed across 10 maize chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis with rice, soybean, and Arabidopsis homologs revealed five evolutionary clades with monocot-specific conservation patterns. Promoter cis-element profiling identified hormone-responsive (ABA, JA, auxin) and stress-related motifs, corroborated by differential expression under abiotic stresses and phytohormone treatments. Notably, ZmFTIP18 and ZmFTIP25 showed sustained upregulation under cadmium exposure, while ZmFTIP13 exhibited downregulation. Synteny analysis demonstrated strong conservation with monocot FTIPs, suggesting ancient evolutionary origins. This comprehensive study provides foundational insights into ZmFTIP functional diversification and potential biotechnological applications.