# Dynamic Changes in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Communities and Networks in Minimally Managed Cabbage-Cultivated Field Soils

## TL;DR

This study tracks how soil microbial and eukaryotic communities change over time in minimally managed cabbage fields in Japan.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into dynamic shifts in soil communities during cultivation using DNA metabarcoding and network analysis.

## Key findings

- Predatory and parasitic protists and animals increased in spring, while fungi and earthworms decreased.
- Diatoms, Ciliophora, Vampyrellidae, and mites showed fluctuating abundance during the study period.
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic networks changed significantly, with prokaryotes shifting in spring and eukaryotes in summer.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Taxonomic profiling of soil microbial communities is useful for assessing and monitoring the biological status of agricultural land. In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in the taxonomic structure of soil organisms in minimally managed agricultural fields. Methods: We used DNA metabarcoding to investigate both terrestrial prokaryotes and eukaryotes in cabbage-cultivated and uncultivated sites in a minimally managed agricultural field in central Japan from February to August 2021. Analyses of the relative abundances of prokaryotic and eukaryotic sequence variants (SVs) and their β-diversities, and the subsequent redundancy analysis (RDA) clarified the dynamic changes in eukaryotic communities during cultivation. We further investigated taxonomic changes in fungi-, protist-, and animal-derived SVs, abundant SVs in each eukaryotic phylum, as well as the co-occurrence networks of the top 150 SVs. Results: The results revealed that the fractions of predatory or parasitic protists and animals increased, whereas those of fungi and earthworm Enchytraeus spp. decreased. The fractions of abundant SVs derived from diatoms, Ciliophora, the class Vampyrellidae (Cercozoa), and mites increased and subsequently decreased during this period. These findings suggest that predatory protists and animals fed on bacteria and autotrophic eukaryotes (such as diatoms) propagated in spring, followed by their propagation and parasitism to host eukaryotes. The networks also changed, especially prokaryotic networks that markedly changed from April to May, and those of eukaryotes from May to June–August, supporting the observations mentioned above. Conclusions: These findings indicate the dynamic and sequential changes in soil communities in fields with minimal agricultural practices and could be useful for sustainable natural farming.