# Changes in Metabolomics Profiles of Propylea japonica in Response to Acute Heat Stress

## TL;DR

This study explores how the ladybird beetle Propylea japonica adapts metabolically to heat stress, revealing key pathways involved in its thermotolerance.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific metabolic pathways and lipid-related mechanisms that enable P. japonica to tolerate acute heat stress.

## Key findings

- Lipid and lipid-like metabolites and energy metabolism restructuring are core adaptive mechanisms in P. japonica under heat stress.
- Purine and tryptophan metabolism pathways are crucial for thermal adaptation in the Shenzhen population.
- Starch, sucrose, arachidonic acid, and fructose metabolism pathways are also involved in heat stress response.

## Abstract

The ladybird beetle, Propylea japonica Thunberg (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is a widely distributed natural predator that is crucial in controlling various agricultural pests in China. Despite frequent references to its remarkable thermotolerance, the molecular mechanisms underlying its thermotolerance remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated metabolomic changes in P. japonica following exposure to acute heat stress (AHS) lasting 1 h at 39 °C and 43 °C in populations from Zhengzhou (ZZ, warm temperate climate zone) and Shenzhen (SZ, subtropical climate zone), representing distinct northern and southern Chinese ecosystems. A total of 4165 and 4151 metabolites were detected in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. The high proportion of lipid and lipid-like metabolites (35.5%) and the top 20 pathways containing the highest number of metabolites, implying membrane fluidity modulation and energy metabolism restructuring, served as the core adaptive mechanism in P. japonica populations confronting thermal stress. The SZ25 vs. SZ39 exhibited a significantly higher number of differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), which were predominantly enriched in the purine and tryptophan metabolism pathways. This indicated that these pathways orchestrate thermal adaptation in the SZ population by coordinating energy metabolism reprogramming, orchestrating antioxidant defense mechanisms, and modulating neuroendocrine homeostasis dysregulation. Additionally, the starch and sucrose, arachidonic acid, and fructose and mannose metabolism pathways were also implicated. This study enhances our understanding of P. japonica thermotolerance and provides a valuable reference for thermotolerance mechanisms in other insects.