# Transmit Power Optimization for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer-Assisted IoT Networks with Integrated Sensing and Communication and Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Model

## TL;DR

This paper optimizes transmit power in IoT networks using SWIPT and ISAC, considering nonlinear energy harvesting and different user types.

## Contribution

A two-layer algorithm is proposed to minimize transmit power under a nonlinear EH model with PSUs and TSUs.

## Key findings

- TSUs are more prone to saturation than PSUs under the same EH requirements.
- Nonlinear EH models require significantly less transmit power than linear models.
- The number of TSUs limits transmit power minimization, but the proposed algorithm mitigates this.

## Abstract

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) can improve the energy harvesting (EH) efficiency of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT)-assisted IoT networks by enabling precise energy harvest. However, the transmit power is increased in the hybrid system due to the fact that the sensing signals are required to be transferred in addition to the communication data. This paper aims to tackle this issue by formulating an optimization problem to minimize the transmit power of the base station (BS) under a nonlinear EH model, considering the coexistence of power-splitting users (PSUs) and time-switching users (TSUs), as well as the beamforming vector associated with PSUs and TSUs. A two-layer algorithm based on semi-definite relaxation is proposed to tackle the complexity issue of the non-convex optimization problem. The global optimality is theoretically analyzed, and the impact of each parameter on system performance is also discussed. Numerical results indicate that TSUs are more prone to saturation compared to PSUs under identical EH requirements. The minimal required transmit power under the nonlinear EH model is much lower than that under the linear EH model. Moreover, it is observed that the number of TSUs is the primary limiting factor for the minimization of transmit power, which can be effectively mitigated by the proposed algorithm.