# Longitudinal Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Daily Rejection-Related Emotions in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Protocol

## TL;DR

This study aims to evaluate how repeated tDCS sessions affect real-life rejection-related emotions in people with Borderline Personality Disorder over time.

## Contribution

The study introduces a longitudinal, real-world assessment of tDCS effects on social emotions in BPD patients using ecological momentary assessment.

## Key findings

- tDCS may reduce rejection-related emotions during real-life social interactions in BPD patients.
- The effects of tDCS on emotional responses could be sustained over time.
- The study will explore how tDCS influences social connection and interpersonal dynamics in BPD.

## Abstract

Background: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a debilitating mental health condition characterized by emotional dysregulation and interpersonal dysfunction, with perceived social rejection exacerbating these issues. Emerging evidence suggests that a single session of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) may decrease the unique tendency of BPD patients to feel rejected even when socially included during a laboratory task. Objectives: This protocol outlines a double-blind, sham-controlled study evaluating the longitudinal effects of repeated anodal tDCS over the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) on rejection-related emotions (RRE) during real-life social interactions in individuals with BPD. Methods: Sixty BPD patients will be randomized to receive real or sham tDCS across 10 daily sessions, coupled with an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol capturing emotional and behavioral responses to real-life social interactions over four timepoints: baseline, during treatment, ten days post-treatment, and three months post-treatment. Primary outcomes include changes in RRE, with exploratory analyses examining feelings of social connection, aggressive tendencies, trust toward others, and interpersonal and affective dynamics. Multilevel modeling will assess temporal and group-level effects. Expected Results and Impact: This study aims to establish the efficacy of tDCS in reducing BPD patients’ negative emotional response in real-life social situations and to determine whether such effects are maintained in time. The findings could advance the clinical application of tDCS as an adjunctive intervention to alleviate social–emotional impairments in BPD, addressing gaps in current treatment approaches and guiding future research into the neural mechanisms of social emotion regulation.