# Pragmatic Risk Stratification Method to Identify Emergency Department Presentations for Alternative Care Service Pathways: Registry-Based Retrospective Study Over 5 Years

## TL;DR

This study developed a method to identify low-risk emergency department patients who could be redirected to alternative care pathways using diagnosis codes and patient characteristics.

## Contribution

A novel risk stratification method using ICD-10 codes and clinical features to identify ED patients suitable for alternative care pathways.

## Key findings

- Four clusters of ED presentations with varying admission risks were identified, with cluster 1 having the lowest admission rate at 4.7%.
- Clustering based on individual ICD-10 codes showed better separation than clustering based on ICD-10 blocks.
- Musculoskeletal disorders and injuries accounted for 80% of cluster 1 cases, indicating potential for ACSP eligibility.

## Abstract

Redirecting avoidable presentations to alternative care service pathways (ACSPs) may lead to better resource allocation for prehospital emergency care. Stratifying emergency department (ED) presentations by admission risk using diagnosis codes might be useful in identifying patients suitable for ACSPs.

We aim to cluster ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) diagnosis codes based on hospital admission risk, identify ED presentation characteristics associated with these clusters, and develop an exploratory classification to identify groups potentially suitable for ACSPs.

Retrospective observational data from a database of all visits to the ED of a tertiary care institution for over 5 years (2016-2020) were analyzed. K-means clustering grouped diagnosis codes according to admission outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the association of characteristics with cluster membership. ICD-10 codes were grouped into blocks and analyzed for cumulative coverage to identify dominant groups associated with lower hospital admission risk.

A total of 215,477 ambulatory attendances classified as priority levels 3 (ambulatory) and 4 (nonemergency) under the Patient Acuity Category Scale were selected, with a 17.3% (0.4%) overall admission rate. The mean presentation age was 46.2 (SD 19.4) years. Four clusters with varying hospital admission risks were identified. Cluster 1 (n=131,531, 61%) had the lowest admission rate at 4.7% (0.2%), followed by cluster 2 (n=44,347, 20.6%) at 19.5% (0.4%), cluster 3 (n=27,829, 12.9%) at 47.8% (0.5%), and cluster 4 (n=11,770, 5.5%) with the highest admission rate at 78% (0.4%). The four-cluster solution achieved a silhouette score of 0.65, a Calinski-Harabasz Index of 3649.5, and a Davies-Bouldin Index of 0.46. Compared to clustering based on ICD-10 blocks, clustering based on individual ICD-10 codes demonstrated better separation. Mild (odds ratio [OR] 2.55, 95% CI 2.48-2.62), moderate (OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.28-2.51), and severe (OR 3.29, 95% CI 3.13-3.45) Charlson Comorbidity Index scores increased the odds of admission. Tachycardia (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.43-1.49), hyperthermia (OR 2.32, 95% CI 2.25-2.40), recent surgery (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.27-1.36), and recent inpatient admission (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.13-1.18) also increased the odds of higher cluster membership. Among 132 ICD-10 blocks, 17 blocks accounted for 80% of cluster 1 cases, including musculoskeletal or connective tissue disorders and head or lower limbs injuries. Higher-risk categories included respiratory tract infections such as influenza and pneumonia, and infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Most ambulatory presentations at the ED were categorized into low-risk clusters with a minimal likelihood of hospital admission. Stratifying ICD-10 diagnosis codes by admission outcomes and ranking them based on frequency provides a structured approach to potentially stratify admission risk.