# The effect of sample type and location on industrial workplace sink and hand dryer microbiomes

## TL;DR

This study explores how different sample types and locations in a pharmaceutical workplace affect microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes.

## Contribution

The study reveals that human activities influence resistomes in workplace appliances, emphasizing the need for AMR surveillance.

## Key findings

- Microbial populations in hand dryers differ significantly from those in sinks.
- Resistome profiles vary significantly based on sample location, not type.
- Human activities strongly influence resistomes in workplace appliances.

## Abstract

One major issue in tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability to effectively track resistance spread in environments where surveillance is limited. Such environments include those experiencing high volumes of hand washing and drying from multiple users. This study characterised the microbial populations and antimicrobial resistomes of two different sample types from a pharmaceutical industrial site as part of an AMR environmental surveillance programme. Paired samples were collected from hand dryers and adjacent sinks in distinct sampling locations: from toilets adjacent to ‘wet’ labs, and locations associated with ‘dry’ activities. Microbial populations in hand dryers were significantly different to those of sinks, whereas there was no significant difference based on sample location. The opposite effect was observed for resistomes, where profiles differed significantly based on sample location, but not sample type. When both sample type and location were considered together, differences in microbiomes were driven primarily by hand dryer profiles from different locations. Analysis of metagenomically-assembled genomes revealed the presence of many poorly characterised organisms, and suggested no specific families predominated in terms of ARG carriage. This study emphasises the impact of human activities in determining the resistome of commonly used appliances, and the need for continued AMR surveillance programmes.