# Extinction context is learned by pigeons, not given by the environment

## TL;DR

Pigeons learn that context is not just part of the environment but is learned through specific cues, which can trigger renewed responses.

## Contribution

The study shows that context in extinction learning is a learned stimulus property, not an inherent environmental feature.

## Key findings

- Small local stimuli can trigger strong contextual renewal when presented with the right timing.
- Contextual renewal depends on the learned properties of stimuli rather than their inherent characteristics.
- Timing of stimuli is crucial for their role in contextual renewal during extinction learning.

## Abstract

The saying “context is everything” underscores the importance of interpreting things, be they quotes, events, actions, or stimuli, not in isolation but in the light of a bigger picture - their context. This is evident even in fundamental forms of learning such as extinction learning where, in contextual renewal, an extinguished response reoccurs if the context is changed. But what exactly is context? Is context given by stimuli with inherent properties making them context or, what are the circumstances that allow a stimulus to become “contextual”? Even though the answer may seem intuitively trivial, the literature only provides competing and vague definitions. Using a modified ABA paradigm, we assessed how competing stimuli induced contextual renewal during extinction learning in seven pigeons (Columba livia). Furthermore, we controlled the timing of these stimuli and found it to be crucial; with the right contiguity, even small local stimuli resulted in the strongest contextual renewal. This result challenges definitions of context as ‘a backdrop where learning occurs’. Instead, we propose that context can be understood mechanistically as a learned stimulus property. Therefore, context truly is everything and anything.

Context is critical yet poorly defined. Using extinction learning in pigeons, we show that context is not given but learned. With the right properties, even small cues can trigger renewal, challenging classical views of context as passive background.