# The pet café is a neglected site for transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in urban life

## TL;DR

Pet cafés may be a new source for spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, in urban areas.

## Contribution

This study identifies pet cafés as a previously overlooked site for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes among humans, animals, and the environment.

## Key findings

- 19 highly related ST328 Escherichia coli strains were found in a single pet café, indicating transmission between hosts.
- 90% of isolated E. coli strains showed resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes.
- ARGs like tet(X4) were detected, with plasmids being the main transmission vector.

## Abstract

The process of urbanization has brought with it several novel lifestyles, but it remains to be seen whether such lifestyles are the potential driver behind the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in modern society. Hence, this study employs the pet café as a proof of concept to observe how one pathway of AMR transmission occurs within a megacity. A total of 111 samples were collected from consumers, workers, animals and the surrounding environment from three pet cafés in Guangzhou, and 163 bacterial strains were isolated, with Escherichia coli (n=60) being the most dominant species. The sequence type and genomic diversity of E. coli were observed in all three cafés. Notably, 19 highly related ST328 strains were isolated in a single pet café from both workers (skin and faeces) and animals (faeces), suggesting transmission between distinct hosts. The number of SNPs between ST328 E. coli isolated in this study and strains from other provinces in China was minimal, with the possibility of clonal transmission. In terms of AMR, 90% of the isolates exhibited resistance to at least three distinct classes of antimicrobials (multidrug resistance). Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) such as tet(X4) were detected in this study, and plasmid, especially hybrid plasmid, is the main transmission vector of these ARGs. Our findings highlight that the pet café is a neglected site for the transfer of ARGs among Enterobacteriaceae, with a propensity for continuous contamination through either clonal or horizontal transmission of ARGs.