# Neutralization of the Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1 Virus with Lama glama Humanized Nanobodies (VHH)

## TL;DR

This study identifies and humanizes nanobodies that can neutralize the influenza A/H1N1 virus, offering potential for diagnosis and treatment.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is the development and humanization of VHH fragments with neutralizing potential against the A/H1N1 virus.

## Key findings

- VHHs 2-C10 and 2-C10H specifically recognized influenza A/H1N1 antigens via ELISA and Western Blot.
- The optimal VHH, 2-C10H, achieved 75% neutralization of the A/H1N1 virus at 1.56 μg/mL.
- Molecular docking suggests the VHH inhibits the virus by inactivating hemagglutinin protein.

## Abstract

Background/Objetives: Nanobodies (VHH) have become an excellent tool for diagnosis, therapy, and research since VHH shows a high capability of recognizing and neutralizing antigens. VHHs are highly soluble and stable at high temperatures, and in the presence of chaotropic agents, they offer significant advantages over other biological therapeutic agents. This study aimed to identify and humanize VHH fragments with neutralizing potential against the influenza A/H1N1 virus. Methods: A library of VHH antibody fragments was produced by phage display technique against an inactivated influenza A/H1N1 vaccine. Three VHH sequences were selected and humanized. Specifically, the recognition capacity of the antibodies denominated 2-C10 and 2-C10H was confirmed by ELISA and western blot (WB), as well as their microneutralization capacity in a cellular model, suggesting their potential therapeutic use in patients infected with the influenza A/H1N1 virus. Molecular docking assays were used to support the mechanism of viral inhibition. Results: The VHHs 2-C10 and 2-C10H showed specific recognition of influenza A/H1N1 antigens by ELISA and Western Blot and demonstrated neutralizing activity in vitro. The optimal VHH, 2-C10H, showed 75% neutralization capacity at a concentration of 1.56 μg/mL against the A/H1N1 viral strain, potentially through the inactivation of hemagglutinin protein, a phenomenon supported by molecular docking assays. Conclusions: This study presents a strategic approach to identify VHH candidates that may be useful for diagnosing and potentially treating patients already infected by the A/H1N1 virus, as it may reduce the severity of their symptoms.