# Effects of a multi-level intervention on pedestrians’ behavior among Iranian health worker supervisors: a randomized controlled trial

## TL;DR

A multi-level health education campaign improved pedestrian safety behaviors among health worker supervisors in Iran, with potential for broader societal impact.

## Contribution

Demonstrates effectiveness of a socio-ecological model-based intervention in improving pedestrian safety through health worker supervisors.

## Key findings

- The intervention group showed a significant increase in pedestrian behavior scores compared to the control group.
- All five subscale scores of pedestrian behavior improved significantly in the intervention group.
- Using health workers to disseminate safety knowledge could enhance pedestrian safety across society.

## Abstract

Pedestrian injury is a global public health concern. Multi-level community-based health education campaigns offer promise to reduce the burden. The current study investigated the effect of a multi-level intervention based on the socio-ecological model (SEM) to improve pedestrian safety by training health worker supervisors in Iran, with the expectation that they would disseminate their learned knowledge more broadly in the population.

Eighty-two health worker supervisors in Tabriz, Iran were randomized to an intervention or control group, with 41 assigned to each group. Participants in the intervention group received both live pedestrian safety education and offline training through a virtual WhatsApp group. Messages, pictures, and short videos about pedestrian safety were sent to participants, and solutions were discussed in the group settings. The control group had no training. Self-reported pedestrian behavior was assessed before and after the intervention.

At baseline, there were no significant differences between the intervention (82.48 ± 8.54) and control (81.05 ± 8.55) groups in pedestrian behavior scores (t = 2.01, p = 0.001). After the intervention, the average score of pedestrians’ behaviors of the intervention group increased significantly compared to the control group (87.98 ± 5.83 vs. 80.37 ± 9.03), (t = 3.61, p = 0.0002). All five subscale scores of PBQ, including adherence to traffic rules and recommendation, violations, positive behaviors, distraction, and aggressive behaviors showed similar and significant changes in the intervention group compared to control group.

Application of a multi-level intervention based on the socio-ecological model improved self-reported pedestrian behavior of health worker supervisors. Using multi-level interventions by targeting health workers, who then disseminate their learning to the public, could enhance pedestrian safety across society.