# The neural underpinnings of repeated skill transfer in human cultural evolution

## TL;DR

This study uses brain imaging to explore how complex skills like knot-tying evolve and are passed down through generations, revealing changes in brain activity and technique over time.

## Contribution

The study introduces brain imaging as a novel method to investigate the cognitive mechanisms of cumulative cultural evolution.

## Key findings

- Later generations showed increased prefrontal cortex activation, suggesting higher working memory demands due to imperfect copying.
- Knot-tying techniques evolved across generations, indicating generational modifications in skill transmission.
- Functional MRI proved effective in tracking neural activity during cultural knowledge acquisition.

## Abstract

Cumulative cultural evolution (CCE) is a fundamental aspect of human cognition, enabling the refinement and transmission of complex skills across generations. This study explores the cognitive abilities supporting CCE through a transmission chain design using a knot-tying task combined with brain imaging to examine how skills are acquired over successive learning and transmission stages. We obtained data from two chains of multiple generations of participants. Our results revealed generational modifications in knot-tying techniques accompanied by increased prefrontal cortex activation in later generations of learners, possibly suggesting that loss of information due to imperfect copying fidelity increases cognitive demands for working memory. Our study further shows the potential of brain imaging as a viable technique for investigating CCE. By applying functional MRI to track neural activity during the acquisition of knot-tying skills, we provide a novel approach for understanding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie cultural knowledge transfer. Further research integrating neuroimaging with behavioral studies could help clarify how cognitive and neural processes contribute to the accumulation and refinement of cultural knowledge over time.