# Hospitalised children with COVID-19 display an aberrant intestinal microbiota and a shift in faecal compounds related with the metabolism of vitamins and lipids

## TL;DR

Hospitalized children with COVID-19 have altered gut bacteria and lower levels of vitamins and lipids compared to healthy children.

## Contribution

This study is the first to identify specific changes in gut microbiota and reduced levels of key metabolites in children with severe COVID-19.

## Key findings

- Children with COVID-19 had higher levels of Bacteroidota and Pseudomonadota bacteria in their gut.
- Non-infected children had higher faecal levels of vitamins like niacin, thiamine, and vitamin D3.
- Hospitalized children with COVID-19 showed reduced levels of several biological compounds compared to healthy controls.

## Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 virus and its rapid spread have made it a global health concern. The aim of this was to investigate the microbial and metabolic faecal profiles of paediatric patients hospitalised for COVID-19 to try to identify biomarkers of predisposition to severity. The study included 16 patients (aged 4–14 years old) from six different Spanish hospitals and 20 age-matched healthy controls. The gut microbiota was characterised by sequencing of 16S rDNA amplicons and internal transcribed space amplicons, while the metabolic profile was analysed by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. A different microbial profile was observed between patients and controls, with a significantly higher abundance of sequences belonging to the phyla Bacteroidota and Pseudomonadota in patients. A different metabolic profile was observed between the two groups. Non-infected children had higher faecal levels of vitamins such as niacin, thiamine, and vitamin D3 derivatives, which were negatively correlated with the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, such as members of Enterobacteriaceae. Hospitalisation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children was associated with changes in the gut microbiota and an altered metabolomic profile. For the first time, several relevant biological compounds were found to be reduced in the faeces of children hospitalised with COVID-19 compared to healthy controls.