# Investigating research study participant compensation practices at a California academic and research institution

## TL;DR

This study examines how research participants are compensated at a California university, finding that location and funding status influence compensation practices.

## Contribution

The study provides empirical insights into compensation practices across IRB-approved research studies at a single institution.

## Key findings

- Studies at public hospitals and clinics were more likely to offer compensation.
- Unfunded studies were less likely to provide compensation.
- Participants with diminished capacity to consent were less likely to receive compensation.

## Abstract

While providing compensation for participation in research studies is common, there is an ongoing debate surrounding compensation models and how they can be equitably applied. This work attempts to better understand the landscape of research compensation by evaluating factors associated with compensation of research study participants across instiutional review board (IRB)-approved studies at a single academic institution in California.

We extracted all IRB applications for social, behavioral, educational, and public policy research studies between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2021, at the University of California, San Francisco. Compensation amounts, time estimates for participation, and location of study activities (hybrid, remote, in-person) were extracted from free text entries in the IRB application and reorganized into discrete variables. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with receiving payment after adjusting for time.

We analyzed 403 unique IRB applications. Studies held at public hospitals and clinics were more likely to provide compensation to study participants, whereas studies held at the university hospitals and clinics were less likely to provide compensation. Unfunded studies also were less likely to provide compensation to research study participants. While participants that were classified as “economically/educationally disadvantaged” and “unable to read, speak, or understand English” within the institution’s IRB application were more likely to receive compensation, those that had “diminished capacity to consent” were less likely to receive compensation.

While there are multiple frameworks for compensation, there is still significant variability in compensation strategies. Institutions should center equity in considering standardized approaches to compensation for research participation.