# Assessment of palladium concentration in drill cores using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

## TL;DR

This paper explores how laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy can quickly and accurately measure palladium in drill cores, reducing analysis time significantly.

## Contribution

The study introduces a probabilistic model to determine optimal measurement numbers for accurate palladium concentration assessment using LIBS.

## Key findings

- A few thousand random measurements with LIBS provide reliable palladium concentration estimates within useful confidence limits.
- LIBS analysis of drill cores takes minutes, compared to hours or days with conventional methods.
- The study uses a mathematical model to account for noise and distribution effects in palladium measurements.

## Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) appears to be a promising technique for rapid on-site assessment of precious metal concentrations in ores. However, a number of issues need to be considered for the optimal use of this technique in practical situations. This article focuses on the number of measurements (i.e., spectra or laser shots) required to assess the mean palladium concentration in drill cores from the Lac des Iles mine (Ontario, Canada). We have performed a probabilistic study of the accuracy of the mean palladium concentration obtained by LIBS as a function of the number of measurements at random locations. For this purpose, we first used the results of a detailed laser scan of the core surface and then a mathematical model of the probability density of the palladium distribution to explore the parameter space, in particular the effect of noise on the measurements. We show that for the 1-meter-long, 2-centimeter radius quarter core samples analyzed, a few thousand randomly sampled locations generally provide an assessment of the palladium concentration within useful confidence limits. For a typical laser repetition rate of 50 Hz, such an analysis is a matter of minutes compared to hours or days using conventional methods.