# ProTaxoVis—protein taxonomic visualisation of presence

## TL;DR

ProTaxoVis is a new tool that visualizes protein presence across species, helping researchers study pathway evolution and distribution patterns.

## Contribution

ProTaxoVis introduces a novel approach to visualize protein presence using taxonomic trees and heatmaps for comparative pathway analysis.

## Key findings

- ProTaxoVis generates taxonomic trees with pie-charts showing protein presence patterns.
- The tool creates heatmaps to visualize protein presence and conservation across species.
- ProTaxoVis was evaluated using phosphoribosyltransferases, revealing distinct distribution patterns across domains of life.

## Abstract

Protein presence information is an essential component of biological pathway identification. Presence of certain enzymes in an organism points towards the metabolic pathways that occur within it, whereas the absence of these enzymes indicates either the existence of alternative pathways or a lack of these pathways altogether. The same inference applies to regulatory pathways such as gene regulation and signal transduction. Protein presence information therefore forms the basis for biological pathway studies, and patterns in presence-absence across multiple organisms allow for comparative pathway analyses.

Here we present ProTaxoVis, a novel bioinformatic tool that extracts protein presence information from database queries and maps it to a taxonomic tree or heatmap. ProTaxoVis generates a large-scale overview of presence patterns in taxonomic clades of interest. This overview reveals protein distribution patterns, and this can be used to deduce pathway evolution or to probe other biological questions. ProTaxoVis combines and filters sequence query results to extract information on the distribution of proteins and translates this information into two types of visual outputs: taxonomic trees and heatmaps. The trees supplement their topology with scaled pie-chart representations per node of the presence of target proteins and combinations of these proteins, such that patterns in taxonomic groups can easily be identified. The heatmap visualisation shows presence and conservation of these proteins for a user-determined set of species, allowing for a more detailed view over a larger group of proteins as compared to the trees. ProTaxoVis also allows for visual quality checks of hits based on a coverage plot and a length histogram, which can be used to determine e-value and minimum protein length cutoffs. Tabular output of resulting data from the query, combined, and heatmap building step are saved and easily accessible for further analyses.

We evaluate our tool with the phosphoribosyltransferases, a transferase enzyme family with notable distribution patterns amongst organisms of varying complexities and across Eukaryota, Bacteria, and Archaea. ProTaxoVis is open-source and available at: https://github.com/MolecularBioinformatics/ProTaxoVis.