# Influence of Sesamia nonagrioides and Fusarium verticillioides on carbon elemental and isotopic composition in maize stem piths

## TL;DR

This study examines how a stem borer insect and a fungus affect carbon composition in maize, revealing insights into plant defense mechanisms.

## Contribution

The study is the first to explore the combined impact of Sesamia nonagrioides and Fusarium verticillioides on carbon metabolism in maize genotypes.

## Key findings

- Insect infestation reduces δ¹³C by 0.6‰, partially offset by prior fungal infection.
- Fungal infection alone reduces δ¹³C by 0.3‰ in maize.
- Carbon isotopic signatures provide insights into maize defense mechanisms.

## Abstract

The stem borer Sesamia nonagrioides and the fungus Fusarium verticillioides are frequently present in maize. However, their interaction with this crop and their effects on its physiology remain poorly understood. This study explores the combined impact of these two organisms on carbon composition and δ¹³C content in the stem pith. Eight genetically distinct maize lines (A239, A509, A630, A637, EP42, EP77, EP125, PB130) were subjected to four treatments: an untreated control (UC), infection by F. verticillioides (FV), attack by S. nonagrioides (SN), and infection by F. verticillioides and infestation by S. nonagrioides (FS). Results show moderate variation in δ¹³C values between UC genotypes (-12.6 to -13.1‰, with the exception of line EP77 at -13.8‰), with minor differences related to their inbred resistance to the insect and fungus. Insect infestation results in a noticeable reduction in δ¹³C (0.6‰), but this decrease is partially attenuated in plants previously colonized by the fungus, suggesting an influence of the fungus on the maize’s defensive response. In addition, the analysis of 13C isotopic composition and carbon signatures provide key elements for a better understanding of maize defence mechanisms. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the impact of Sesamia and Fusarium, and their interaction, on carbon metabolism in different maize genotypes.

Synergistic and/or antagonistic effects of Fusarium in maize infested by Sesamia are unknown.

The %C and δ 13C of maize were analysed in eight genotypes showed contrasting behaviours towards these two biotic agents.

The δ 13C of maize was slightly affected by inbred resistance to Sesamia and Fusarium.

Compared to control plants, δ 13C decreased by about 0.6‰ in plants infested by Sesamia and by about 0.3‰ in those infected by Fusarium.

The 13C isotopic and C content signatures provides relevant information about maize defence mechanisms.