# Genome-Wide Demographic Analyses of Balaenid Whales Revealed Complex History of Gene Flow Associated with Past Climate Oscillation

## TL;DR

This study uses genome data to uncover the complex evolutionary history of balaenid whales, including gene flow events influenced by past climate changes.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into historical gene flow and demographic patterns among balaenid whale species using population genomic methods.

## Key findings

- Extant right whales show an unresolved branching pattern and evidence of historical migration.
- Gene flow events from bowhead whales to North Atlantic right whales were identified and characterized.
- Ancient climate events significantly shaped the evolutionary history of balaenid whales.

## Abstract

The balaenid whale, comprising three species of right whales and the bowhead whale, represents an ancient and highly endangered lineage of marine mammals. To unravel the evolutionary history of balaenid whales with respect to gene flow, a comprehensive analysis based on whole-genome data was conducted for all species within this group. Employing population genomic methodologies, we revealed that extant right whales form an unresolved branching pattern, identified evidence of historical transequatorial migration, and provided estimates of the age of the group. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of glacial cycles on the connectivity of bowhead whale populations. By employing multiple complementary approaches to detect gene flow, we identified and characterized gene flow events from bowhead whales to North Atlantic right whales, offering detailed insights into the process. Lastly, we assessed the phenotypic consequences of interspecies gene flow. Our study sheds light on the intricate evolutionary history of modern balaenid whales, which have been profoundly shaped by ancient climate events.