# Retraction Note: Investigating the association of informal digital learning of English with EFL learners’ intercultural competence and willingness to communicate: a SEM study

**Authors:** Afsheen Rezai

PMC · DOI: 10.1186/s40359-025-02870-2 · BMC Psychology · 2025-05-15

## Full text

_Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12079975/full.md

---
Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12079975