# Ancient DNA indicates 3,000 years of genetic continuity in the Northern Iranian Plateau, from the Copper Age to the Sassanid Empire

## TL;DR

Ancient DNA from the Iranian Plateau shows genetic continuity for 3,000 years, from the Copper Age to the Sassanid Empire, with stable populations and some western influence.

## Contribution

The study provides new ancient DNA data from northern Iran, including the earliest Chalcolithic genome, revealing long-term genetic continuity and regional connections.

## Key findings

- A new Early Chalcolithic sample shows mostly Early Neolithic Iranian genetic ancestry.
- Historical samples from northern Iran are intermediates on an east-west genetic cline across the Persian Plateau.
- Uniparental lineage analyses highlight population stability from prehistoric to modern times.

## Abstract

In this study, we present new ancient DNA data from prehistoric and historic populations of the Iranian Plateau. By analysing 50 samples from nine archaeological sites across Iran, we report 23 newly sequenced mitogenomes and 13 nuclear genomes, spanning 4700 BCE to 1300 CE. We integrate an extensive reference sample set of previously published ancient DNA datasets from Western and South-Central Asia, enhancing our understanding of genetic continuity and diversity within ancient Iranian populations. A new Early Chalcolithic sample, predating all other Chalcolithic genomes from Iran, demonstrates mostly Early Neolithic Iranian genetic ancestry. This finding reflects long-term cultural and biological continuity in and around the Zagros area, alongside evidence of some western genetic influence. Our sample selection prioritizes northern Iran, with a particular focus on the Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanid periods (355 BCE–460 CE). The genetic profiles of historical samples from this region position them as intermediates on an east-west genetic cline across the Persian Plateau. They also exhibit strong connections to local and South-Central Asian Bronze Age populations, underscoring enduring genetic connections across these regions. Diachronic analyses of uniparental lineages on the Iranian Plateau further highlight population stability from prehistoric to modern times.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-99743-w.