# Editorial: Targeting the tumor microenvironment for effective treatment of gastrointestinal cancers

**Authors:** Michela Roberto, Giulia Arrivi, Donatella Delle Cave

PMC · DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1600639 · Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2025-04-30

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** NR5A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2) [NCBI Gene 2494] {aka B1F, B1F2, CPF, FTF, FTZ-F1, FTZ-F1beta}, CDKN2A (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) [NCBI Gene 1029] {aka ARF, CAI2, CDK4I, CDKN2, CMM2, INK4}, XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase) [NCBI Gene 7498] {aka XAN1, XDH/XO, XO, XOR}, KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase) [NCBI Gene 3845] {aka 'C-K-RAS, C-K-RAS, CFC2, K-RAS2A, K-RAS2B, K-RAS4A}, LGALS4 (galectin 4) [NCBI Gene 3960] {aka GAL4, L36LBP}, TGFB2 (transforming growth factor beta 2) [NCBI Gene 7042] {aka CAEND2, G-TSF, LDS4, TGF-beta2}, ASPH (aspartate beta-hydroxylase) [NCBI Gene 444] {aka AAH, BAH, CASQ2BP1, FDLAB, HAAH, JCTN}, F2RL1 (F2R like trypsin receptor 1) [NCBI Gene 2150] {aka GPR11, PAR2}, APC (APC regulator of Wnt signaling pathway) [NCBI Gene 324] {aka BTPS2, DESMD, DP2, DP2.5, DP3, GS}, FOXP3 (forkhead box P3) [NCBI Gene 50943] {aka AIID, DIETER, IPEX, JM2, PIDX, XPID}, PPARGC1A (PPARG coactivator 1 alpha) [NCBI Gene 10891] {aka LEM6, PGC-1(alpha), PGC-1alpha, PGC-1v, PGC1, PGC1A}, FABP2 (fatty acid binding protein 2) [NCBI Gene 2169] {aka FABPI, I-FABP}, TP53 (tumor protein p53) [NCBI Gene 7157] {aka BCC7, BMFS5, LFS1, P53, TRP53}, CD163 (CD163 molecule) [NCBI Gene 9332] {aka M130, MM130, SCARI1}, NOTCH3 (notch receptor 3) [NCBI Gene 4854] {aka CADASIL, CADASIL1, CARASIL1, CASIL, FPLD1, IMF2}, SMAD4 (SMAD family member 4) [NCBI Gene 4089] {aka DPC4, JIP, MADH4, MYHRS}, ERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2) [NCBI Gene 2064] {aka CD340, HER-2, HER-2/neu, HER2, MLN 19, MLN-19}, ICOS (inducible T cell costimulator) [NCBI Gene 29851] {aka AILIM, CD278, CVID1}, NR3C2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2) [NCBI Gene 4306] {aka MCR, MLR, MR, NR3C2VIT}, CEACAM3 (CEA cell adhesion molecule 3) [NCBI Gene 1084] {aka CD66D, CEA, CGM1, CGM1a, W264, W282}, CDH1 (cadherin 1) [NCBI Gene 999] {aka Arc-1, BCDS1, CD324, CDHE, ECAD, LCAM}, CD4 (CD4 molecule) [NCBI Gene 920] {aka CD4mut, IMD79, Leu-3, OKT4D, T4}, BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) [NCBI Gene 673] {aka B-RAF1, B-raf, BRAF-1, BRAF1, NS7, RAFB1}, CTNNB1 (catenin beta 1) [NCBI Gene 1499] {aka CTNNB, EVR7, MRD19, NEDSDV, armadillo}
- **Diseases:** pancreatic cancers (MESH:D010190), necrotic (MESH:D009336), microsatellite instable (MESH:D053842), metastasis (MESH:D009362), lymph node metastasis (MESH:D008207), Tumor (MESH:D009369), gallbladder cancer (MESH:D005706), HCC (MESH:D006528), tumor immune dysfunction (MESH:D007154), inflammatory (MESH:D007249), CRC (MESH:D015179), bile duct cancer (MESH:D001650), GC (MESH:D013274), liver disease (MESH:D008107), MSI-H (MESH:D000848), hypoxia (MESH:D000860), GI cancer (MESH:D005770)
- **Chemicals:** paclitaxel (MESH:D017239), gemcitabine (MESH:D000093542)
- **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

## Full text

_Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12074961/full.md

## References

9 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12074961/full.md

---
Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12074961