# Cardiovascular Disease in Women’s Prisons: A Qualitative Study of Dietary Habits from the Perspective of Professionals

## TL;DR

This study explores how poor diet and prison conditions increase cardiovascular disease risk among incarcerated women, based on insights from professionals in a Portuguese prison.

## Contribution

The study provides new qualitative insights into the barriers and opportunities for CVD prevention in women’s prisons through professional perspectives.

## Key findings

- Prisoners face contextual challenges like sedentary lifestyles and limited food options.
- Socio-cultural factors like resistance to health programs and food as coping mechanisms hinder CVD prevention.
- Interdisciplinary and sustainable interventions are needed to address cardiovascular health in female prisoners.

## Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is exacerbated by poor dietary habits, particularly in settings such as women’s prisons. Incarcerated women are often exposed to ultra-processed foods, limited nutritional education, and restricted living conditions that increase their risk of CVD. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the challenges perceived by professionals in a Portuguese women’s prison regarding the prevention of CVD, particularly through dietary interventions. Methods: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was conducted using a focus group with six professionals. Data were collected in July 2024 and analysed using thematic content analysis. Results: Three thematic categories emerged: (1) contextual challenges of the prison system (e.g., sedentary lifestyle, limited food options); (2) socio-cultural resistance to behavioural change (e.g., low adherence to health programmes, use of food as a coping mechanism); and (3) the need for sustainable and interdisciplinary intervention strategies. Conclusions: The findings highlight the complexity of promoting cardiovascular health in female prisoners. Interventions need to take into account mental health support, prisoner autonomy and institutional constraints. Future research should develop and test targeted, context-specific nutrition programmes in similar settings.