# Identification and Methods of Influencing the Oxidation States of Mn and Ce in Silicate Glasses

## TL;DR

This paper explores how to control the oxidation states of Mn and Ce in borosilicate glasses to enhance their luminescence for use in light-emitting devices.

## Contribution

The study identifies methods to influence Mn and Ce oxidation states in glasses to optimize luminescence for potential use in LEDs and displays.

## Key findings

- Altering Mn concentration, SnO presence, and optical basicity affects Mn and Ce oxidation states.
- Low MnO content and Sn2+ doping enhance luminescence from both Ce3+ and Mn2+.
- Reducing optical basicity with MgO also achieves low oxidation states for improved luminescence.

## Abstract

Non-hygroscopic borosilicate glasses containing Ce3+ and Mn2+ ions were prepared using the conventional melt-quenching method. The electrochemical equilibrium of the Ce and Mn oxidation states has a significant effect on the energy levels and luminescence of both elements. Consequently, the oxidation states in the glasses were analyzed using a combination of XPS, EPR, and absorption spectroscopy. The oxidation–reduction equilibrium was altered by systematically changing three factors: the Mn concentration, the presence or absence of SnO as a reducing agent, and the optical basicity of the glass. Upon excitation with light with a wavelength of 320 nm, the prepared glasses exhibited a blue luminescence band in the region of 350–450 nm, corresponding to the Ce3+ ion, and a broad, weak red luminescence emission in the region of 540–640 nm, corresponding to Mn2+ ions. To obtain a high luminescence intensity for both bands, it was necessary to reduce the MnO content below 1 mol.%. Furthermore, doping the glasses with Sn2+ ions helped to maintain both cerium and manganese in low oxidation states, resulting in measurable luminescence in both observed bands. These low oxidation states of Ce and Mn can also be achieved by reducing the optical basicity of the glass through the addition of MgO. The general relationships obtained could potentially be applied in the production of light-emitting diodes or field-emission displays that utilize energy transfer.