# The Association Between Peripheral Arterial Disease and Long-Term Bleeding Events in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

## TL;DR

This study shows that peripheral arterial disease increases the risk of major bleeding and cardiovascular events in heart attack patients undergoing PCI.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates that PAD is an independent predictor of bleeding events in AMI patients, beyond its known cardiovascular risks.

## Key findings

- PAD patients had a 24.8% bleeding rate compared to 11.3% in non-PAD patients.
- PAD was associated with a 50.9% higher risk of bleeding after adjusting for confounders.
- PAD also increased the risk of MACEs by 115.2% in AMI patients.

## Abstract

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there are limited reports regarding the association between PAD and bleeding events. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether PAD is independently associated with an increased risk of major bleeding events, in addition to major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), in patients with AMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We included 1391 patients with AMI who underwent PCI and divided them into the PAD group (n = 210) and the non-PAD group (n = 1181). The primary endpoint was total bleeding events, defined as Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3/5. The secondary endpoint was MACE, defined as the composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for heart failure. Results: The median follow-up duration was 653 days. Total bleeding events were more frequently observed in the PAD group than in the non-PAD group (24.8% vs. 11.3%, p < 0.001). The multivariate Cox hazard analysis confirmed that PAD was significantly associated with total bleeding events (HR 1.509; 95% CI 1.056–2.156, p = 0.024) as well as MACEs (HR 2.152; 95% CI 1.510–3.066, p < 0.001) after controlling for confounding factors. Conclusions: PAD was independently associated with a higher risk of major bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients with AMI undergoing PCI. These findings suggest that PAD should be recognized as a critical factor in risk stratification for AMI and may affect individualized bleeding risk management strategies in patients with AMI.