# Implications of No Tail Docking on Performance, Health, and Behavior of Pigs Raised Under Commercial Conditions in Brazil

## TL;DR

This study found that not docking piglets' tails in Brazil leads to more tail biting and lesions, but does not affect productivity, and docking the tail reduces welfare issues.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the welfare implications of tail docking in commercial pig farming in Brazil.

## Key findings

- NDT piglets showed more tail biting and severe lesions, especially in the nursery phase.
- NDT piglets engaged in more exploratory behavior but had higher fear responses when contingency plans were needed.
- Tail docking combined with best practices reduced negative welfare outcomes without affecting productivity.

## Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of no tail docking on the performance, health, and behavior of piglets under commercial conditions in Brazil. A total of 768 piglets were divided into two groups: tail-docked (DT) and non-tail-docked (NDT). Both groups received standard environmental enrichment, with additional enrichment provided in cases of tail bite. The NDT piglets exhibited a higher tendency for tail biting and severe lesions, particularly during the nursery phase, but also demonstrated more exploratory behavior. In the finishing phase, tail biting was only observed in the NDT group. Fear responses to humans vary depending on whether additional enrichment is required or not. Despite the presence of tail lesions, productivity was not affected. Overall, managing piglets with intact tails posed welfare challenges, whereas docking the final third of the tail combined with best management practices reduced negative effects on piglet welfare.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of no tail docking on the performance, health, and behavior of piglets raised under commercial conditions in Brazil. The study included 768 weaned piglets from the Pietrain synthetic line, randomly divided into two groups: DT = the final third part of the tail-docked (n = 384) and NTD = non-tail-docked (n = 384). Tail docking was performed on day two using an electrocautery clipper for piglets from the DT group, and both groups were subjected to standard environmental enrichment with branched chains. In cases of tail biting, a contingency plan was adopted to mitigate this problem by enriching the pen with a sisal rope. Behavioral measurements were performed using scan sampling. Tail biting, reactivity to humans, and health were assessed using a methodology adapted from the Welfare Quality Protocol®. The piglets were weighed at 140 days of age and inspected according to the parameters established by the Pig Genealogical Registration Service to be used as reproduction animals. The off-test rate was calculated based on the total number of piglets approved for animal use relative to the total number evaluated. During the nursery stage, the NDT piglets showed a trend toward significance (p = 0.07) toward a higher occurrence of tail biting than the DT piglets and exhibited a higher incidence of severe lesions. They also engaged more frequently (p < 0.05) in exploratory behavior, interacting with branched chains and sisal rope, than the DT piglets. During the finishing phase, tail biting was observed only in the NDT piglets (p = 0.001). The NDT piglets that did not require the contingency plan exhibited lower fear responses (p = 0.02) during human interactions in the nursery phase than the DT piglets. Conversely, the NDT piglets that required a contingency plan showed higher fear levels (p < 0.001). Productivity performance was not affected (p > 0.05), and new cases of tail biting ceased after the contingency plan was implemented. The number of animals that died or were removed did not differ between the treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, managing piglets with intact tails on commercial farms presents a significant welfare challenge. By contrast, docking the final third of the tail, in accordance with regulations, was associated with fewer negative welfare outcomes, even when best management practices were applied.