# diel_models: a python package for systematic integration of day–night cycles into plant genome-scale metabolic models

**Authors:** Luciana Martins, João Capela, Emanuel Cunha, Marta Sampaio, Oscar Dias

PMC · DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbaf087 · Bioinformatics Advances · 2025-04-16

## TL;DR

The paper introduces diel_models, a Python package that simplifies integrating day-night cycles into plant metabolic models.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is a systematized Python tool for constructing diel models from non-diel plant genome-scale metabolic models.

## Key findings

- diel_models is a lightweight and modular package compatible with Python 3.8+.
- The package supports cross-platform use on Windows, MacOS, and Linux.
- It is freely available and can be easily integrated into existing reconstruction pipelines.

## Abstract

In recent years, genome-scale metabolic models have become indispensable tools for studying complex metabolic processes occurring within living organisms. Understanding plants’ metabolic behaviour under diel cycles (24-h day–night cycles) is essential to explain their adaptive strategies to different light conditions. However, integrating these cycles in plant GEMs is complex, laborious, time-consuming, and not systematized. Here, we present diel_models, a novel python package that enables the systematization and accurate construction of diel models based on non-diel plant GEMs, tailored for generic and multi-tissue models. diel_models is a lightweight, modular package with minimal dependencies and broad Python compatibility (v3.8+), making it easy to use, integrate into reconstruction pipelines, and extend with community-driven enhancements. It is also supported on all operating systems, including Windows, MacOS, and Linux, ensuring cross-platform compatibility for a wide range of users.

The code is freely available at https://github.com/BioSystemsUM/diel_models.git and can be installed using the command pip install diel_models.

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** pGEMs (MESH:D010939)
- **Chemicals:** starch (MESH:D013213), ascorbate (MESH:D001205), alanine (MESH:D000409), steroid (MESH:D013256), glyoxylate (MESH:C031150), sucrose (MESH:D013395), amino acids (MESH:D000596), carboxylic acids (MESH:D002264), pyruvate (MESH:D019289), carbon (MESH:D002244), Nitrate (MESH:D009566), sugars (MESH:D000073893), Glucose (MESH:D005947), NADPH (MESH:D009249), NADH (MESH:D009243), fatty acid (MESH:D005227), nitrogen (MESH:D009584), citric acid (MESH:D019343), lactate (MESH:D019344), ATP (MESH:D000255), CO2 (MESH:D002245), 1,3-BPG (-), flavonoid (MESH:D005419)
- **Species:** Bacteria Latreille et al. 1825 (Bacteria stick insect, genus) [taxon 629395], Solanum lycopersicum (tomato, species) [taxon 4081], Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood, species) [taxon 3694], Quercus suber (cork oak, species) [taxon 58331], Solanum tuberosum (potatoes, species) [taxon 4113], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress, species) [taxon 3702], Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast, species) [taxon 4932], Vitis vinifera (wine grape, species) [taxon 29760]

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## Figures

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## References

26 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12070391/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12070391