# Coyote (Canis latrans) Macronutrient Consumption and Diet Relative to Seasonality and Urbanization

## TL;DR

This study examines how coyotes adjust their diet based on seasons and urban environments by analyzing the macronutrient content of their scat.

## Contribution

The study introduces the use of the geometric framework of nutrition to analyze coyote diets in relation to urbanization and seasonality.

## Key findings

- Coyote diets in moderately and less urbanized areas showed similar macronutrient compositions during spring–summer.
- Coyotes consumed more nonprotein energy in fall–winter when carbohydrate-rich mesquite was available.
- Seasonal food availability and macronutrient composition influence coyote diet selection and behavior.

## Abstract

Diet selection informs the health, fitness, and behavior of wild predators. Due to assumptions that vertebrate prey contains similar compositions of macronutrients (i.e., protein, carbohydrates, and lipids), whole prey items traditionally define carnivore diets. However, increasing evidence suggests that prey differ in terms of their macronutrient compositions, particularly relative to body size. Furthermore, omnivorous predators, like coyotes (
Canis latrans
), integrate both prey and nonprey diet items whose macronutrient compositions vary. This is particularly important in urbanized systems, which introduce or alter the distributions of prey (e.g., domestic pets) and nonprey (e.g., ornamental plants) foods in ways that contribute to carnivore diet selection and human–wildlife coexistence. We assessed the macronutrient composition of coyote diets seasonally and relative to urbanization in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, AZ, USA. We collected coyote scats in the field and assessed their macronutrient compositions using values gathered from the literature, as well as the volumetric composition of diet items found in coyote scats. We then assessed the macronutrient composition of coyote diets in geometric space using the geometric framework of nutrition. We observed that the macronutrient composition of coyote diets was similar between moderately and less urbanized sites, particularly in the spring–summer season. However, coyote macronutrient consumption differed seasonally, with coyotes eating more nonprotein energy relative to protein energy when carbohydrate‐rich mesquite (Prosopis spp.) was more available in the fall–winter. Our results suggest that the seasonal availability and macronutrient composition of foods contribute to coyote diets. Macronutrients directly translate to energy and subsequent animal physiology and behavior. Our findings therefore advance our understanding of coyote behavior, particularly in ways that support human–wildlife management in anthropogenic areas.

Using the geometric framework of nutrition, we assessed the macronutrient composition of coyote diets seasonally and relative to urbanization via scats collected in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, AZ, USA. We found coyotes ate more nonprotein energy relative to protein energy when seasonally or environmentally available. Our results suggest that the seasonal availability and macronutrient composition of foods contribute to coyote diet selection.