# A model for promoting breast self-examination among rural South African women in KwaZulu-Natal

## TL;DR

This paper presents a new model to promote breast self-examination among rural South African women to improve early breast cancer detection.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a novel BSE model tailored for rural African women in South Africa.

## Key findings

- A central concept was identified and defined through a two-phase concept analysis.
- Relationship statements were developed to clarify the phenomenon of BSE promotion.
- The BSE model can be used to tailor breast cancer campaigns for rural communities.

## Abstract

Breast self-examination (BSE) is a safe, easy and affordable breast screening tool encouraged as an alternative screening method in low-resource settings. The late presentation of breast cancer among rural African women in South Africa is of great concern. No BSE model has been identified for promoting BSE awareness and practice among rural African women in South Africa.

To describe the process involved in developing and describing the model for promoting BSE among rural African women in South Africa.

Four municipal clinics in Kwa-Zulu Natal’s iLembe District Municipality.

An exploratory qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured one-on-one interviews. Deductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The model was then developed using Chinn and Kramer’s four-step theory generation process: concept analysis, relationship statements, model description and model evaluation.

A concept analysis was conducted in two phases. A central concept was identified in phase one, and in phase two, it was defined and classified. Based on the identified and defined central concepts, relationship statements were created, which added clarity and direction to the understanding of the phenomenon. The BSE model was described in terms of its purpose, structure and assumptions.

Using the BSE model, breast cancer campaigns and programmes can be tailored to the needs of geographically disadvantaged communities in rural South Africa.

Using the BSE model, the model is proposed to improve the early detection of breast cancer.