Comparison of antibody-scTRAIL Fc fusion proteins with varying valency for EGFR and TRAIL receptors

TL;DR

This study compares different versions of a cancer-targeting fusion protein to see how their structure affects their ability to kill cancer cells.

Contribution

The study reveals how varying valency and geometry of TRAIL fusion proteins influences their cell-killing effectiveness when targeting EGFR.

Findings

Hexavalent TRAIL receptor fusion proteins showed significantly increased cell killing compared to trivalent ones.

EGFR targeting enhanced the activity of hexavalent fusion proteins by 6- to 30-fold.

Single scTRAIL units did not benefit from EGFR targeting.

Abstract

Fusion proteins combining TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and antibody building blocks have emerged as a strategy for the targeted treatment of cancer cells. Using a single-chain derivative of homotrimeric TRAIL (scTRAIL), several targeted and non-targeted scTRAIL fusion proteins of varying geometries and valencies for TRAIL receptors and target antigens, all comprising an Fc region, were generated. These fusion proteins comprised either 1 or 2 scTRAIL units, i.e. are tri- or hexavalent for TRAIL receptors and in the targeted versions, 1 or 2 binding sites for EGFR. These fusion proteins were analyzed for cell binding and cell death induction using the EGFR-expressing colorectal cancer cell lines Colo205 and HCT116. In line with previous findings, all fusion proteins that were hexavalent for TRAIL receptors exhibited a strongly increased cell killing activity compared to the trivalent ones. Interestingly, the fusion proteins comprising one scTRAIL unit, did not benefit from targeting to EGFR. In contrast, the hexavalent scTRAIL fusion proteins further benefited from EGFR targeting, resulting in an approximately 6- to 30-fold increase in cell killing. In summary, this study shed further light on the influence of geometry and valency of TRAIL fusion proteins and confirmed IgG-scTRAIL fusion proteins as highly potent cell death inducers.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-00476-7.

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